A Vivaldi antenna or Vivaldi aerial[1] or tapered slot antenna[2] is a co-planar broadband-antenna, which can be made from a solid piece of sheet metal, a printed circuit board, or from a dielectric plate metalized on one or both sides.
Exponentially tapered slot antenna (DETSA) on flexible LCP organic material suitable for packaging and integration with other components is introduced and proposed for the UWB range with gain above 7 dBi and return loss below -10 dB for. Small distances. The double exponentially tapered slot antenna (DETSA), which is a variation of the Vivaldi antenna with the outer edge exponentially tapered, was introduced for the first time in 2 with design and performance characteristics discussed in 3 and 4 as a possible UWB antenna.
The feeding line excites an open space via a microstrip line or coaxial cable, and may be terminated with a sector-shaped area or a direct coaxial connection. From the open space area the energy reaches an exponentially tapered pattern via a symmetrical slot line.
Vivaldi antennas can be made for linear polarized waves or – using two devices arranged in orthogonal direction – for transmitting / receiving both polarization orientations.
If fed with 90-degree phase-shifted signals, orthogonal devices can transmit/receive circular-oriented electromagnetic waves.
Vivaldi antennas are useful for any frequency, as all antennas are scalable in size for use at any frequency. Printed circuit technology makes this type antenna cost effective at microwave frequencies exceeding 1 GHz.
Advantages of Vivaldi antennas are their broadband characteristics (suitable for ultra-wideband signals [3]), their easy manufacturing process using common methods for PCB production, and their easy impedance matching to the feeding line using microstrip line modeling methods.
The MWEE collection of EM simulation benchmarks includes a Vivaldi antenna.[4][5][6][7][8][9]
References[edit]
- ^Peter J. Gibson: The Vivaldi Aerial, 9th European Microwave Conference Proceedings, Brighton, 1979, p. 101–105.
- ^Milligan, Thomas (2005). Modern antenna design (Second ed.). Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 512. ISBN9780471457763. OCLC85820949.
- ^De Oliveira, A. M.; Perotoni, M. B.; Kofuji, S. T.; Justo, J. F. (2015). 'A palm tree antipodal Vivaldi antenna with exponential slot edge for improved radiation pattern'. IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett. 14: 1334. doi:10.1109/LAWP.2015.2404875.
- ^'Vivaldi Antenna'. CST Computer Simulation Technology.
- ^'The 2000 CAD Benchmark'. Microwave Engineering Europe.
- ^'Design An X-Band Vivaldi Antenna'. Microwaves and RF.
- ^'Characterization of Vivaldi antennas utilizing a microstrip-to-slotline transition'(PDF).
- ^'Dual-orthogonal polarized Vivaldi Antenna for Ultra Wideband Applications'.
- ^'Vivaldi antenna'.
Crossed Exponentially Tapered Slot Antenna Radiation Pattern
Abstract
In this paper, a tapered slot antenna capable of ultra-wideband communication was designed. In the proposed antenna, rectangular slits were inserted to enhance the bandwidth and reduce the area of the antenna. The rectangular slit-inserted tapered slot antenna operated at a bandwidth of 8.45 GHz, and the bandwidth improved upon the basic tapered slot antenna by 4.72 GHz. The radiation pattern of the antenna was suitable for location recognition in a certain direction owing to an appropriate 3 dB beam width. The antenna gain was analyzed within the proposed bandwidth, and the highest gain characteristic at 7.55 dBi was exhibited at a 5-GHz band. The simulation and measurement results of the proposed tapered slot antenna were similar.
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Crossed Exponentially Tapered Slot Antenna Reviews
Background
The number of applications for wireless communication systems are increasing because of interest from industry, the medical and scientific communities, and various others. Accordingly, in the academic field, many studies on antennas types such as wideband, multiband, and compact are being conducted.
In this paper, an antenna capable of wideband communication is proposed. Possible antenna structures include bow-tie, log-periodic, spiral, fractal, and tapered slot. The antennas with these structures are applied to various wireless communication systems depending on the antennas’ shape and characteristics, and particularly in the UWB communication system (Kim et al. 2015; Yoon et al. 2015).
For the UWB wireless communication system, the allowed limit was defined as the frequency band of 3.1–10.6 GHz by FCC (Federal Communication Commission) in USA, and it has to satisfy the 25 % of fractional bandwidth and the frequency bandwidth of 500 MHz or higher (Choi et al. 2014).
UWB technology has many applications including penetrating radar, nondestructive testing radars for civil engineering, precision location tracking systems, and medical and wireless communications (Notice of Inquiry in the Matter of Revision of Part 15 of the Commission’s Rules Regarding Ultra-Wideband Transmission Systems; Garg et al. 2001; Deng et al. 1999; McKinney et al. 2008).
The antenna proposed in this paper is a tapered slot antenna. The tapered slot antenna is a directive antenna, which can recognize a location in a certain direction, and has many applications including measurement systems, vehicular radar, and through-wall radar.
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In this paper, a tapered slot antenna is designed and proposed. The antenna has a 3 dB beam width, high gain, and directive characteristics, which are appropriate for reducing the area of the antenna and for location recognition. The bandwidth was improved by inserting rectangular slits in the radiator of the antenna.
This paper is organized as follows. In “Materials and methods” section, the tapered slot antenna is designed and proposed. In “Results and discussion” section, the characteristics of antenna are analyzed through simulation and measurement. In “Conclusions” section, a conclusion is provided.
Methods
The tapered slot antenna can be easily fabricated because of its dimensional tolerance of low precision and infinite bandwidth. Nevertheless, a desired bandwidth can be induced by changing the physical size of the radiator and using various design technologies. The design and simulation analysis of the proposed antenna is obtained by using an HFSS of Ansys Co.
A wide bandwidth was induced by inserting rectangular slits in Structure-1, as shown in Fig. 1a. The structure of the proposed antenna is shown in Fig. 1b (Fei et al. 2011; He et al. 2014). The proposed antenna was improved wide impedance bandwidth by inserting rectangular slits in the radiator of the antenna, and the area of the antenna is achieved a reduction ratio of 15.5 %. However, the proposed antenna was satisfied with the commercial UWB band.
Structure of proposed tapered slot antenna. a Structure-1. b Structure-2
The proposed tapered slot antenna was fabricated on an FR-4 substrate with a specific inductive capacity of 4.7, a loss tangent of 0.019, and a thickness of 1.6 mm (Kim et al. 2015). Once the aperture size of the antenna is determined by operating frequency, the antenna should be able to transmit a signal at its longest wavelength. To do this from a dielectric substrate, Eq. (1) must be satisfied:
where λg is the guide wavelength (m), C is the speed of light (m/s), and εr is the dielectric constant. In Eq. (1), the tapered slot antenna operates as a resonance antenna at a low frequency, and is determined by the physical size of the operating frequency fr and the value of εr used in the fabrication of the antenna. Therefore, by using Eq. (1), the total size of the tapered slot antenna can be determined for operation in a desired bandwidth. The fabricated antenna and its dimensions are shown in Fig. 2 and Table 1 Kim (2013).
Structure of fabricated antenna. a Structure-1. b Structure-2
Table 1
| Antenna | Structure-1 | Structure-2 |
|---|---|---|
| W | 60 | 58.2 |
| L | 70 | 61 |
| Wt | 51 | 52 |
| W1 | 3 | 3 |
| L1 | 28 | 28 |
| L2 | 7.5 | 7.4 |
| Ws | – | 2 |
| Ls | – | 10.7 |
W and L are the length and width of the proposed antenna, and Wt is the aperture width of the tapered slot. W1, L1, and L2 are the lengths and width of the impedance converter. Ws and Ls are the width and length of the rectangular slit for the proposed tapered slot antenna (Choi et al. 2014; Shrestha et al. 2013).
Results and discussion
Analysis of matching characteristics and antenna bandwidth
The reflection coefficient Γ is the amount of signal reflection by impedance mismatch that occurs between the source and antenna during the operation of an antenna in a single-port circuit. The optimal reflection coefficient is Γ = 0, and the usual impedance bandwidth of the antenna is defined as −10 dB S11 and VSWR ≤ 2. This means that approximately 11 % of the input power is reflected (Chang 2000).
Figure 3 shows the results of an impedance bandwidth simulation for Structure-1 and Structure-2 of the proposed tapered slot antenna.
Results of impedance bandwidth simulation. a S11. b VSWR
In the simulation results shown in Fig. 3, the impedance bandwidth of Structure-1 satisfied the requirements of −10 dB S11 and VSWR ≤ 2 in the low-frequency bandwidth of 2.33–6.46 GHz and high frequency-bandwidth of 8.84–11.32 GHz. However, the middle-frequency bandwidth was suppressed. By contrast, in the case of a rectangular slit-inserted tapered slot antenna, the 7.2 GHz bandwidth satisfied the requirements for −10 dB S11 and VSWR ≤ 2 in the 3.64–10.84 GHz bandwidth, and improvement was seen in the middle-frequency bandwidth of Structure-1.
The improved impedance bandwidth was observed through the increase of rectangular slits, as show in Fig. 4.
Simulation analysis through the increase of the rectangular slit. a S11. b VSWR
In the simulation results show in Fig. 4, a steady matching characteristics are obtained due to the insertion of rectangular slits which result in increase of impedance bandwidth.
The impedance bandwidth of the proposed antenna was measured by Network Analyzer (N5230A) of Agilent Co. Pozar (2012). The results of fabricating the tapered slot antenna using the impedance bandwidth measurement results is shown in Fig. 5.
Measurement results for impedance bandwidth. a S11. b VSWR
In the measurement results shown in Fig. 5, Structure-1 showed a bandwidth of 3.73 GHz by satisfying −10 dB S11 and VSWR ≤ 2 in the 3.26–6.99 GHz bandwidth range. While satisfying −10 dB S11 and VSWR ≤ 2 in the 3.55–12 GHz bandwidth similarly, Structure-2 achieved a bandwidth of 8.45 GHz. The simulation and measurement results are similar, and the measurements show that the bandwidth of 4.72 GHz improved in Structure-2 compared with Structure-1.
Analysis of antenna gain and radiation pattern
One important antenna characteristic is how much the antenna can focus and radiate radio waves in a certain direction. In the E-plane (x–z) and H-plane (x–y) of the proposed tapered slot antenna, the radiation pattern and 3 dB beam width were analyzed. The analysis of the simulation is shown in Fig. 6.
Results of radiation pattern simulation. a Structure-1. b Structure-2
In the simulation results of Fig. 6 for the E-plane and H-plane, the 3 dB beam width was 130° and 77° in the 3 GHz band. For Structure-1, the 3 dB beam width was 85° and 77° in the 4 GHz band, and 78° and 65° in the 5 GHz band. For Structure-2, the beam width was 140° and 75° in the 3 GHz band, 95° and 110° in the 4 GHz band, 84° and 64° in the 5 GHz band, 62° and 55° in the 6 GHz band, 55° and 68° in the 7 GHz band, 42° and 90° in the 8 GHz band, and 41° and 85° in the 9 GHz band.
Radiation pattern measurement of the proposed antenna is measured using an antenna far-field analysis system in an anechoic chamber as mentioned in Chang (2000). The radiation pattern measurement results for the tapered slot antenna that was fabricated using these characteristics are shown in Fig. 7.
Results of radiation pattern measurement. a Structure-1. b Structure-2
Examining the measurement results in Fig. 7, in the E-plane and H-plane, the 3 dB beam width was 90° and 125° in the 3 GHz band for Structure-1, 75° and 80° in the 4 GHz band, and 50° and 75° in the 5 GHz band. For Structure-2, the beam width was 115° and 128° in the 3 GHz band, 60° and 123° in the 4 GHz band, 55° and 84° in the 5 GHz band, 78° and 58° in the 6 GHz band, 87° and 80° in the 7 GHz band, 58° and 55° in the 8 GHz band, and 48° and 42° in the 9 GHz band.
In the simulation and measurement results, Structure-1 and Structure-2 exhibited an approximate 3-dB beam width. In addition, because of the directive radiation pattern, a characteristic suitable for location recognition in a certain direction was seen.
Based on the radiation pattern analysis, the antenna gain in the proposed bandwidth was analyzed. Figure 8 shows the simulation and measurement results for Structure-1 and Structure-2.
Antenna gain simulation and measurement results
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In the simulation results for Structure-1, a gain of 5.15 dBi was seen in the 3 GHz band, 5.37 dBi in the 4 GHz band, and 7.05 dBi in the 5 GHz band. In the case of Structure-2, the gain was 6.06 dBi in the 3 GHz band, 8.12 dBi in the 4 GHz band, 7.6 dBi in the 5 GHz band, 7.12 dBi in the 6 GHz band, 5.56 dBi in the 7 GHz band, 4.91 dBi in the 8 GHz band, and 4.93 dBi in the 9 GHz band. In Structure-1, the antenna gain measurement results showed a gain of 3.8 dBi in the 3 GHz band, 5.64 dBi in the 4 GHz band, and 6.91 dBi in the 5 GHz band. In the case of Structure-2, the gain was 4.18 dBi in the 3 GHz band, 7.54 dBi in the 4 GHz band, 7.55 dBi in the 5 GHz band, 5.9 dBi in the 6 GHz band, 4.51 dBi in the 7 GHz band, 4.86 dBi in the 8 GHz band, and 3.57 dBi in the 9 GHz band.
Hence, the proposed antenna’s simulation and measurement results for antenna gain were similar.
Comprehensive analysis results for antenna
Table 2 shows the comprehensive analysis results for the proposed antenna.
Table 2
| Simulation | Measured | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bandwidth | Structure-1 | 4.13 GHz | 3.73 GHz | |
| Structure-2 | 7.2 GHz | 8.45 GHz | ||
| −10 dB S11 and VSWR ≤ 2 | Structure-1 | 2.33–6.46 GHz | 3.26–6.99 GHz | |
| Structure-2 | 3.64–10.84 GHz | 3.55–12 GHz | ||
| Antenna gain | ||||
| 3 GHz | Structure-1 | 5.15 dBi | 3.8 dBi | |
| 4 GHz | Structure-1 | 5.37 dBi | 5.64 dBi | |
| 5 GHz | Structure-1 | 7.05 dBi | 6.91 dBi | |
| 3 GHz | Structure-2 | 6.06 dBi | 4.18 dBi | |
| 4 GHz | Structure-2 | 8.12 dBi | 7.54 dBi | |
| 5 GHz | Structure-2 | 7.6 dBi | 7.55 dBi | |
| 6 GHz | Structure-2 | 7.12 dBi | 5.9 dBi | |
| 7 GHz | Structure-2 | 5.56 dBi | 4.51 dBi | |
| 8 GHz | Structure-2 | 4.91 dBi | 4.86 dBi | |
| 9 GHz | Structure-2 | 4.93 dBi | 3.57 dBi | |
| Antenna area | Structure-1 | 4200 mm2 | ||
| Structure-2 | 3550 mm2 | |||
In Table 2, the antenna impedance bandwidth was improved in Structure-1 compared with Structure-2, and the simulation and measurement results in simulation antenna gain. Furthermore, the total area of the antenna was 4200 mm2 for Structure-1 and 3550 mm2 for Structure-2. Structure-2 showed a reduction in area of 15.5 % compared with Structure-1. The impedance bandwidth of the antenna was satisfied −10 dB S11 and VSWR ≤ 2, and it shows good impedance matching characteristics.
However, the simulation and measured analysis of the proposed antenna shows the mismatch. A mismatch is considered in the two kinds. The first pertained to loss during the manufacturing process, and the second is a mismatch between the antenna and connector.
The proposed antenna and different antennas are compared in Table 3. The proposed antenna is compact design and it has the wide bandwidth characteristic. This features of proposed antenna of Structure 2 are more detailed in Figs. 3 and and55 which emphases on simulated and experimental results.
Table 3
Comparison of the proposed antenna and different antennas
| Antenna | Impedance bandwidth (GHz) | Dimensions (mm2) |
|---|---|---|
| Shao et al. (2013) | 0.64–6 | 130 × 70 |
| Herzi et al. (2016) | 2–5 | 90 × 120 |
| Wang et al. (2016) | 0.65–5.9 | 220 × 170 |
| Proposed antenna | 3.5–12 | 61 × 58.2 |
Conclusions
A directive antenna suitable for use as an ultra-wideband tapered slot antenna and for location recognition was designed and proposed. To improve the bandwidth, rectangular slits were inserted in the tapered slot antenna, and the antenna area was reduced. The fabricated rectangular slit-inserted tapered slot antenna exhibited a bandwidth of 8.45 GHz and improved its bandwidth by approximately 4.72 GHz. Furthermore, the antenna showed a 15.5 % reduction in area.
The antenna radiation pattern exhibited a beam width of 3 dB that was suitable for all bandwidths, and a directivity characteristic that was suitable for location recognition in a certain direction. Its highest antenna gain, which was 7.55 dBi, was seen in the 5 GHz band.
After these characteristics were comprehensively analyzed, the proposed antenna was shown to be suitable for location recognition in a certain direction owing to its impedance bandwidth characteristic of ultra wideband and its radiation pattern that showed directivity.
Authors' contributions
SWK involves in design and interpretation of statistical analysis of collected data along with drafting of the manuscript. DYC have been involved for supervision, guidance and critically reviewing manuscript for important intellectual content. Both authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Competing of interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Contributor Information
Sun-Woong Kim, Email: moc.revan@1miksgnoow.
Dong-You Choi, Email: rk.ca.nusohc@iohcyd.
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